Shitou Xiqian

Shitou Xiqian (700–790) was an 8th-century Chinese Chan Buddhist teacher and author. He is considered a pivotal figure in the history of Zen Buddhism, as all existing branches of Zen are said to trace their lineage back to either him or his contemporary, Mazu Daoyi. Born with the surname Chen in Gaoyao County, Guangdong, China, Shitou's given name literally translates to 'Stone-head,' a moniker he acquired from his practice of living and meditating atop a large rock at Nantai Temple on Mt. Nanyue Heng. He initially studied under the renowned patriarch Huineng for a brief period before Huineng's death, and later became a devoted disciple and successor to Huineng's student, Qingyuan Xingsi. Shitou's teachings are encapsulated in two significant poems attributed to him: the 'Sandokai,' which explores the nature of truth, and the 'Song of the Grass Hut,' a reflection on a life of secluded meditation. Despite his later importance, historical accounts suggest Shitou was not widely influential during his lifetime, with his lineage gaining prominence posthumously, largely due to the influence of his disciples and their successors, such as Dongshan Liangjie.