Mulla Effendi

Mulla Abu Bakr Effendi, also known as Mulla Effendi, was a prominent Islamic philosopher, scholar, astronomer, politician, and influential figure from Erbil, Ottoman Iraq (now in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq). Born in 1863, he hailed from a respected family of Islamic scholars who had settled in Erbil in the 16th century. Mulla Effendi spent his life learning and teaching Islamic studies, science, mathematics, astronomy, and ethics at the Great Mosque within the Citadel of Erbil. He was known for granting over a hundred scientific licenses and sponsoring students, contributing to the establishment of schools and mosques in the region. His influence extended throughout Kurdistan, and he played a key role in resolving tribal conflicts during the Ottoman era, earning recognition from Sultan Abdul Hamid II. During the British Mandate and after the formation of Iraq, he remained a significant voice, guiding public opinion and engaging in political processes. He advocated for the annexation of Mosul to Iraq and supported the rights of the Christian inhabitants of Ankawa. In recognition of his services, King Faisal II awarded him the 'Wisam al-Rafidain' of the first order. Mulla Effendi died on December 31, 1942, leaving a legacy of scholarship, piety, and service to his community and country.