The Philosopher
Ludwig Wittgenstein
The face
The background
- Nationality:
- Austrian, British
- Schools:
- Analytic philosophy, Anti-foundationalism, Anti-essentialism, Therapeutic approach, Linguistic turn, Logical atomism
- Branchs:
- Logic, Philosophy of mathematics, Philosophy of mind, Philosophy of language, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Aesthetics, Philosophy of religion, Philosophy of perception
- Period:
- 20th-century philosophy
The synopsis
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austro-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge. Despite his position, only one book of his philosophy was published during his life: the 75-page Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung (Logical-Philosophical Treatise, 1921), which appeared, together with an English translation, in 1922 under the Latin title Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. His only other published works were an article, "Some Remarks on Logical Form" (1929); a review of The Science of Logic, by P. Coffey; and a children's dictionary. His voluminous manuscripts were edited and published posthumously. The first and best-known of this posthumous series is the 1953 book Philosophical Investigations. A 1999 survey among American university and college teachers ranked Philosophical Investigations as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy, standing out as "the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations". His philosophy is often divided into an early period, exemplified by the Tractatus, and a later period, articulated primarily in the Philosophical Investigations. The "early Wittgenstein" was concerned with the logical relationship between propositions and the world, and he believed that by providing an account of the logic underlying this relationship, he had solved all philosophical problems. The "later Wittgenstein" rejected many of the assumptions of the Tractatus, arguing that the meaning of words is best understood as their use within a given language game. More precisely, Wittgenstein wrote, "For a large class of cases of the employment of the word 'meaning'—though not for all—this word can be explained in this way: the meaning of a word is its use in the language."
The works
Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Some Remarks on Logical Form
Philosophical Investigations
Bemerkungen über die Grundlagen der Mathematik
Blue and Brown Books
Philosophische Bemerkungen
Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology, and Religious Belief
Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough
On Certainty
Philosophical Remarks
Philosophical Grammar
Bemerkungen über die Philosophie der Psychologie
Culture and Value
Remarks on Colour
The quotes
I sit astride life like a bad rider on a horse. I only owe it to the horse's good nature that I am not thrown off at this very moment.
Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language.
Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.
Philosophy is like trying to open a safe with a combination lock: each little adjustment of the dials seems to achieve nothing, only when everything is in place does the door open.
An inner process stands in need of outward criteria.
What is your aim in philosophy? To show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle.
Propositions show what they say: tautologies and contradictions show that they say nothing.
If people never did silly things nothing intelligent would ever get done.
One of the most misleading representational techniques in our language is the use of the word 'I.'
A nothing will serve just as well as a something about which nothing could be said.
A man will be imprisoned in a room with a door that's unlocked and opens inwards; as long as it does not occur to him to pull rather than push.
A confession has to be part of your new life.
Logic must look after itself. In a certain sense, we cannot make mistakes in logic.
Don't get involved in partial problems, but always take flight to where there is a free view over the whole single great problem, even if this view is still not a clear one.
The face is the soul of the body.
Logic takes care of itself; all we have to do is to look and see how it does it.
A man's thinking goes on within his consciousness in a seclusion in comparison with which any physical seclusion is an exhibition to public view.
Nowadays it is the fashion to emphasize the horrors of the last war. I didn't find it so horrible. There are just as horrible things happening all round us today, if only we had eyes to see them.
Language is a part of our organism and no less complicated than it.
Knowledge is in the end based on acknowledgement.
You learned the concept 'pain' when you learned language.
It seems to me that, in every culture, I come across a chapter headed 'Wisdom.' And then I know exactly what is going to follow: 'Vanity of vanities, all is vanity.'
It is so characteristic, that just when the mechanics of reproduction are so vastly improved, there are fewer and fewer people who know how the music should be played.
When one is frightened of the truth then it is never the whole truth that one has an inkling of.
A serious and good philosophical work could be written consisting entirely of jokes.
What can be shown, cannot be said.
Uttering a word is like striking a note on the keyboard of the imagination.
A new word is like a fresh seed sown on the ground of the discussion.
Death is not an event in life: we do not live to experience death. If we take eternity to mean not infinite temporal duration but timelessness, then eternal life belongs to those who live in the present.
The world is independent of my will.
The limits of my language means the limits of my world.
I don't know why we are here, but I'm pretty sure that it is not in order to enjoy ourselves.
The human body is the best picture of the human soul.
You get tragedy where the tree, instead of bending, breaks.
Never stay up on the barren heights of cleverness, but come down into the green valleys of silliness.
Philosophy is not a theory but an activity.
If a lion could talk, we could not understand him.
A philosopher who is not taking part in discussions is like a boxer who never goes into the ring.
The logic of the world is prior to all truth and falsehood.
The common behavior of mankind is the system of reference by means of which we interpret an unknown language.
For a truly religious man nothing is tragic.
There are remarks that sow and remarks that reap.
A picture is a fact.
Our greatest stupidities may be very wise.
Like everything metaphysical the harmony between thought and reality is to be found in the grammar of the language.
Humor is not a mood but a way of looking at the world. So if it is correct to say that humor was stamped out in Nazi Germany, that does not mean that people were not in good spirits, or anything of that sort, but something much deeper and more important.
Nothing is so difficult as not deceiving oneself.
Resting on your laurels is as dangerous as resting when you are walking in the snow. You doze off and die in your sleep.
It is an hypothesis that the sun will rise tomorrow: and this means that we do not know whether it will rise.
It is one of the chief skills of the philosopher not to occupy himself with questions which do not concern him.
The real discovery is the one which enables me to stop doing philosophy when I want to. The one that gives philosophy peace, so that it is no longer tormented by questions which bring itself into question.
Someone who knows too much finds it hard not to lie.
Man has to awaken to wonder - and so perhaps do peoples. Science is a way of sending him to sleep again.
Logic is not a body of doctrine, but a mirror-image of the world. Logic is transcendental.
One often makes a remark and only later sees how true it is.
A philosophical problem has the form: I don't know my way about.