Ibn Kammuna

Sa'd ibn Mansur (Izz Al-dawla) Ibn Kammuna, born in Baghdad in 1215 and died in Hillah in 1284, was a 13th-century Jewish physician and philosopher. He is primarily recognized for his significant works that explored and compared the three Abrahamic religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. His comparative treatise, titled *Examination of the Three Faiths*, offered a critical evaluation of Islam, questioning the legitimacy of its tenets and the claims of its prophet, Muhammad. Ibn Kammuna argued that the incompatibility of Sharia with justice principles undermined Muhammad's claims of perfection and suggested that conversions to Islam were often motivated by factors other than sincere faith. He also produced commentaries on the works of prominent philosophers such as Ibn Sina and Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, with his examination of Suhrawardi's *Talwihat* being particularly noted for its thoroughness within the context of Illuminationist philosophy. The controversial nature of his *Examination of the Three Faiths* led to public unrest and riots in Baghdad in 1284, compelling Ibn Kammuna to flee the city in secret. Some scholars suggest he may have converted to Islam, possibly Twelver Shiism, in the final months of his life.