Chao Cuo

Chao Cuo (c.200–154 BC) was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer who served the imperial courts of Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han. Renowned for his intellectual capabilities and foresight in martial and political matters, he was an early advocate of revoking the heqin treaty with the Xiongnu nomads and advocated for a strong, cavalry-centric Han army. In a memorandum from 169 BC, he proposed a systematic policy for populating and defending frontier zones by enlisting civilian migrants who would train as militia while cultivating remote regions. Despite his contributions, including involvement in reviving the Classic of History, he was perceived by some as a Legalist. His political career culminated in his appointment as Imperial Secretary in 155 BC. However, his efforts to reduce the power of subordinate kingdoms led to his execution in 154 BC during the Rebellion of the Seven States, a move intended to appease rebelling kings but which ultimately failed to prevent further conflict.