Balthasar Bekker

Balthasar Bekker (20 March 1634 – 11 June 1698) was a Dutch minister and author of philosophical and theological works. Opposing superstition, he was a key figure in the end of the witchcraft persecutions in early modern Europe. His best-known work is *De Betoverde Weereld* (1691), or *The World Bewitched* (1695). He was also known for his travels to England and France. Bekker was born in Metslawier as the son of a German pastor. He was educated at Groningen and Franeker. Becoming the rector of the local Latin school, he was appointed as a pastor in Oosterlittens in 1657. From 1679, he worked in Amsterdam, after being driven from Friesland. In 1683, he traveled to England and France. An enthusiastic disciple of Descartes, he wrote several works on philosophy and theology. His application of Cartesian metaphysics and reproach of Biblical literalism put him at odds with the Dutch Reformed Church. His book *De Betoverde Weereld* examined critically the phenomena generally ascribed to spiritual agency and attacked the belief in sorcery and possession by the devil, questioning the devil's very existence. The publication of the book led to Bekker's deposition from the ministry, though some towns continued his salary. In July 1698 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He died in Amsterdam.