Antiphon

Antiphon of Rhamnus was a significant figure in 5th-century BC Athenian politics and intellectual life, recognized as the earliest of the ten Attic orators. Born around 480 BC into a wealthy family from Rhamnus, he was the son of Sophilus, a Sophist who ran a school of rhetoric, suggesting Antiphon received early training in public speaking. The political climate of Athens, particularly the development of democracy, also influenced his interest in political and legal affairs. While a traditional birth year of 480 BC is generally accepted, some scholars have proposed a later date. Antiphon was a statesman who also pursued rhetoric as a profession. He began as a teacher of rhetoric and later entered forensic practice. His early work, the Tetralogies, explored themes of justice and the Athenian legal system. In a period where impromptu speaking was highly valued, Antiphon pioneered the controversial practice of writing forensic speeches for publication and for clients, establishing himself as a logographer. His financial need, exacerbated by the Archidamian War, motivated this venture, and he was known for his pursuit of money. Although not one to speak publicly, he was sought after for advice. His clients included prominent figures like Demosthenes and Alcibiades. Antiphon was also involved in political affairs, particularly as a supporter of the oligarchic party. He played a key role in the establishment of the Four Hundred in 411 BC. Following the defeat of this oligarchy, Antiphon, unlike many associates who fled, remained in Athens to defend himself. His final speech, "On the Revolution," though fragmentary, was highly praised by Thucydides for its defense. Despite his efforts, Antiphon was accused of treason and condemned to death, executed in 411 BC. His legacy includes being considered a founder of political oratory and a significant contributor to the development of written forensic speeches.